The Evidence for Health Effects from Electromagnetic Radiation

Parul Chauhan, H. N. Verma, Rashmi Sisodia & Kavindra Kumar Kesari (2017) Microwave radiation (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative stress: Whole-body exposure effect on histopathology of Wistar rats, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 36:1, 20-30, DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2016.1144063. (Source)

• “Significantly high level of LPO was observed in the liver (p &lt 0.001), brain (p &lt 0.004) and spleen (p &lt 0.006) in samples from rats exposed to microwave radiation. Also histological changes were observed in the brain, liver, testis, kidney and spleen after whole-body microwave exposure, compared to the control group. Based on the results obtained in this study, we conclude that exposure to microwave radiation 2 h a day for 35 d can potentially cause histopathology and oxidative changes in Wistar rats. These results indicate possible implications of such exposure on human health.”

Ma HR, Ma ZH, Wang GY, Song CM, Ma XL, Cao XH, Zhang GH (2015) Impacts of exposure to 900 MHz mobile phone radiation on liver function in rats. Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology, 31(6):567-71. (Source)

• “The exposure to 900 MHz mobile phone 4 h/d for 18 days could induce the liver histological changes, which may be partly due to the apoptosis and oxidative stress induced in liver tissue by electromagnetic radiation.”

Elcin Ozgur, Duygu Sahin, Arin Tomruk, Goknur Guler, Aylin Sepici Dinçel, Nilgun Altan & Nesrin Seyhan (2015) The effects of N-acetylcysteine and epigallocatechin-3-gallate on liver tissue protein oxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels after the exposure to radiofrequency radiation, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 91:2, 187-193, DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.966210. (Source)

• “Significant decreases in the activities of SOD were observed in the liver of guinea pigs after RFR exposure. Protein damage did not change due to RFR exposure. On the other hand, only NAC treatment induced increased PCO levels, whereas EGCG treatment alone elevated the level of AOPP. Due to antioxidants having pro-oxidant behavior, the well decided doses and treatment timetables of NAC and ECGC are needed.”

Ya-ping Luo, Hui-Rong Ma, Jing-Wei Chen, Jing-Jing Li, Chun-xiang Li (2014) Effect of American Ginseng Capsule on the liver oxidative injury and the Nrf2 protein expression in rats exposed by electromagnetic radiation of frequency of cell phone. Chinese journal of integrated traditional and western medicine. 34(5): 575–580. (Source)

• “The electromagnetic radiation induced by 900 MHz cell phone could affect the expression of Nrf2 protein, induce oxidative injury, and induce abnormal morphology of liver cells. SJC and AGC could promote the morphological recovery of the liver cells. Its mechanism might be related to affecting the expression of Nrf2 protein and attenuating oxidative damage of liver cells.”

Kahya, M.C., Nazıroğlu, M. & Çiğ, B. Biol Trace Elem Res (2014) Selenium Reduces Mobile Phone (900 MHz)-Induced Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Function, and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells, Biological Trace Element Research, 160: 285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-014-0032-6. (Source)

• “In conclusion, 900 MHz EMR appears to induce apoptosis effects through oxidative stress and mitochondrial depolarization, although incubation of selenium seems to counteract the effects on apoptosis and oxidative stress.”

Alper Özorak, Mustafa Nazıroğlu, Ömer Çelik, Murat Yüksel, Derviş Özçelik, Mehmet Okan Özkaya, Hasan Çetin, Mehmet Cemal Kahya, Seyit Ali Kose (2013) Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz)- and mobile phone (900 and 1800 MHz)-induced risks on oxidative stress and elements in kidney and testis of rats during pregnancy and the development of offspring. Biological Trace Element Research; 156(1-3): 221–229. Published online 2013 Oct 8. doi: 10.1007/s12011-013-9836-z. (Source)

• “In conclusion, Wi-Fi- and mobile phone-induced EMR caused oxidative damage by increasing the extent of lipid peroxidation and the iron level, while decreasing total antioxidant status, copper, and GSH values. Wi-Fi- and mobile phone-induced EMR may cause precocious puberty and oxidative kidney and testis injury in growing rats.”

Yuqing Duan, Zhigao Wang, Haihui Zhang, Yuanqing He, Rongzhu Lu, Rui Zhang, Guibo Sun, Xiaobo Sun (2013) The preventive effect of lotus seedpod procyanidins on cognitive impairment and oxidative damage induced by extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure. Food Function; 4(8): 1252–1262. doi: 10.1039/c3fo60116a. (Source)

• “A water maze test indicated that learning and memory abilities of the ELF-EMF group deteriorated significantly with ELF-EMF exposure when compared with the control group, but the ELF-EMF + LSPCs90 group had remarkably improved learning and memory abilities compared with the ELF-EMF group… All the data suggested that the LSPCs can effectively prevent learning and memory damage and oxidative damage caused by the ELF-EMF, most likely through the ability of LSPCs to scavenge oxygen free radicals and to stimulate antioxidant enzyme activity.”

Lu, Y. S., Huang, B. T., & Huang, Y. X. (2012). Reactive oxygen species formation and apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell induced by 900 MHz mobile phone radiation. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2012, 740280. (Source)

• “We demonstrate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in the process of apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) which is induced by the radiation of 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RFEMF) at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of ~0.4 W/kg when the exposure lasts longer than two hours. The apoptosis is induced through the mitochondrial pathway and mediated by activating ROS and caspase-3, and decreasing the mitochondrial potential. The activation of ROS is triggered by the conformation disturbance of lipids, protein, and DNA induced by the exposure of GSM RFEMF. Although human PBMC was found to have a self-protection mechanism of releasing carotenoid in response to oxidative stress to lessen the further increase of ROS, the imbalance between the antioxidant defenses and ROS formation still results in an increase of cell death with the exposure time and can cause about 37% human PBMC death in eight hours.”

Bahattin Avci, Ayşegül Akar, Birşen Bilgici & Özgür Korhan Tunçel (2012) Oxidative stress induced by 1.8 GHz radio frequency electromagnetic radiation and effects of garlic extract in rats, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 88:11, 799-805, DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.711504. (Source)

• “The exposure of RF-EMR similar to 1.8 GHz Global system for mobile communication (GSM) leads to protein oxidation in brain tissue and an increase in serum NO.”
• “We observed that garlic administration reduced protein oxidation in brain tissue and that it did not have any effects on serum NO levels.”

Elcin Ozgur, Göknur Güler & Nesrin Seyhan (2010) Mobile phone radiation-induced free radical damage in the liver is inhibited by the antioxidants n-acetyl cysteine and epigallocatechin-gallate, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 86:11, 935-945, DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.496029. (Source)

• “Mobile phone-like radiation induces oxidative damage and changes the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver.”
• “NAC and EGCG protect the liver tissue against the RFR-induced oxidative damage and enhance antioxidant enzyme activities.”

Christoph Augner, Gerhard W. Hacker, Gerd Oberfeld, Matthias Florian, Wolfgang Hitzl, Jörg Hutter, Gernot Pauser (2010) Effects of exposure to GSM mobile phone base station signals on salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase, and immunoglobulin A. Biomedical Environmental Science; 23(3): 199–207. doi: 10.1016/S0895-3988(10)60053-0. (Source)

• Conclusions: “RF-EMF in considerably lower field densities than ICNIRP-guidelines may influence certain psychobiological stress markers.”

Igor Yakymenko, Olexandr Tsybulin, Evgeniy Sidorik, Diane Henshel, Olga Kyrylenko & Sergiy Kyrylenko (2016) Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 35:2, 186-202, DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1043557. (Source)

• “A wide pathogenic potential of the induced ROS and their involvement in cell signaling pathways explains a range of biological/health effects of low-intensity RFR, which include both cancer and non-cancer pathologies. In conclusion, our analysis demonstrates that low-intensity RFR is an expressive oxidative agent for living cells with a high pathogenic potential and that the oxidative stress induced by RFR exposure should be recognized as one of the primary mechanisms of the biological activity of this kind of radiation.”

Shivashankara, A. R., Joy, J., Sunitha, V., Rai, M. P., Rao, S., Nambranathayil, S., & Baliga, M. S. (2015). Effect of cell phone use on salivary total protein, enzymes and oxidative stress markers in young adults: a pilot study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR, 9(2), BC19-22.

• “Significant changes in salivary enzymes and MDA suggest adverse effect of high use of cell phones on cell health.”

Usselman, R. J., Hill, I., Singel, D. J., & Martino, C. F. (2014). Spin biochemistry modulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by radio frequency magnetic fields. PloS one, 9(3), e93065. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093065. (Source)

• “The effects of weak magnetic fields on the biological production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from intracellular superoxide (O2 •−) and extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were investigated in vitro… RF flavin hyperfine decoupling results in an increase of H2O2 singlet state products, which creates cellular oxidative stress and acts as a secondary messenger that affects cellular proliferation. This study demonstrates the interplay between O2 •− and H2O2 production when influenced by RF magnetic fields and underscores the subtle effects of low-frequency magnetic fields on oxidative metabolism, ROS signaling, and cellular growth.”

A. Burlaka, O. Tsybulin, E. Sidorik, S. Lukin, V. Polishuk, S. Tsehmistrenko, I. Yakymenko (2013) Overproduction of free radical species in embryonal cells exposed to low intensity radiofrequency radiation. Exp Oncol. 2013 Sep; 35(3): 219–225. (Source)

• “Exposure of developing quail embryos to extremely low intensity RF-EMR of GSM 900 MHz during at least one hundred and fifty-eight hours leads to a significant overproduction of free radicals/reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage of DNA in embryo cells. These oxidative changes may lead to pathologies up to oncogenic transformation of cells.”

Yaniv Hamzany, Raphael Feinmesser, Thomas Shpitzer, Aviram Mizrachi, Ohad Hilly, Roy Hod, Gideon Bahar, Irina Otradnov, Moshe Gavish, and Rafael M. Nagler (2013). Is Human Saliva an Indicator of the Adverse Health Effects of Using Mobile Phones? Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. http://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.4751. (Source)

• “We report a significant increase in all salivary oxidative stress indices studied in mobile phone users. Salivary flow, total protein, albumin, and amylase activity were decreased in mobile phone users. These observations lead to the hypothesis that the use of mobile phones may cause oxidative stress and modify salivary function.”

Mustafa Nazıroğlu, Bilal ÇIğ, Salih Doğan, Abdulhadi Cihangir Uğuz, Selin Dilek & Dahdouh Faouzi (2012) 2.45-Gz wireless devices induce oxidative stress and proliferation through cytosolic Ca2+ influx in human leukemia cancer cells, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 88:6, 449-456, DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.682192. (Source)

• “2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation appears to induce proliferative effects through oxidative stress and Ca²⁺ influx…”

Fattahi-Asl, J., Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi, M., Karbalae, M., Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi, M., & Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi, H. R. (2012). Effects of radiofrequency radiation on human ferritin: an in vitro enzymun assay. Journal of Medical Signals and Sensors, 2(4), 235-40. (Source)

• “Radiofrequency electromagnetic waves emitted from cell phones may lead to oxidative stress and rapid diffusion of the human ferritin level in an in vitro enzymun assay. Also, the enzyme activity can be affected. Effects of exposure from mobile phones must be considered further.”

Peter Kovacic & Ratnasamy Somanathan (2010) Electromagnetic fields: mechanism, cell signaling, other bioprocesses, toxicity, radicals, antioxidants and beneficial effects, Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 30:4, 214-226, DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.488650. (Source)

• “There is evidence that indicates a relationship involving EMFs, ROS (reactive oxygen species), and OS (oxidative stress) with toxic effects.”

Kıvrak, E. G., Yurt, K. K., Kaplan, A. A., Alkan, I., & Altun, G. (2017). Effects of electromagnetic fields exposure on the antioxidant defense system. Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure, 5(4), 167-176. (Source)

• “The results of the recent studies not only clearly demonstrate that EMF exposure triggers oxidative stress in various tissues, but also that it causes significant changes in levels of blood antioxidant markers. Fatigue, headache, decreased learning ability, and cognitive impairment are among the symptoms caused by EMF. The human body should therefore be protected against exposure to EMF because of the risks this can entail. As reported in many studies, people may use various antioxidants such as vitamin E, MEL and FA to prevent the potential adverse effects of exposure to EMF.”

Nirwane, A., Sridhar, V., & Majumdar, A. (2016). Neurobehavioural Changes and Brain Oxidative Stress Induced by Acute Exposure to GSM900 Mobile Phone Radiations in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicological Research, 32(2), 123-32. (Source)

• “…decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities whereas, increased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) was encountered showing compromised antioxidant defense…”

Abolfazl Akbari, Gholamali Jelodar & Saeed Nazifi (2014) Vitamin C protects rat cerebellum and encephalon from oxidative stress following exposure to radiofrequency wave generated by a BTS antenna model, Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 24:5, 347-352, DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.910852. (Source)

• “The results indicate that exposure to RFW in the test group decreased antioxidant enzymes activity.”
• “It can be concluded that RFW causes oxidative stress in the brain and vitamin C improves the antioxidant enzymes activity and decreases MDA.”

Fragopoulou, A. F., Polyzos, A., Papadopoulou, M. D., Sansone, A., Manta, A. K., Balafas, E., Kostomitsopoulos, N., Skouroliakou, A., Chatgilialoglu, C., Georgakilas, A., Stravopodis, D. J., Ferreri, C., Thanos, D., … Margaritis, L. H. (2018). Hippocampal lipidome and transcriptome profile alterations triggered by acute exposure of mice to GSM 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation: An exploratory study. Brain and Behavior, 8(6), e01001. (Source)

• “The observed changes indicate a membrane remodeling response of the tissue phospholipids after nonionizing radiation exposure, reducing SFA and EPA, while increasing MUFA residues. The microarray data analysis demonstrated that the expression of 178 genes changed significantly (p &lt 0.05) between the two groups, revealing an impact on genes involved in critical biological processes, such as cell cycle, DNA replication and repair, cell death, cell signaling, nervous system development and function, immune system response, lipid metabolism, and carcinogenesis.”
• Conclusions: “This study provides preliminary evidence that mobile phone radiation induces hippocampal lipidome and transcriptome changes that may explain the brain proteome changes and memory deficits previously shown by our group.”

Altun, G., Kaplan, S., Deniz, O. G., Kocacan, S. E., Canan, S., Davis, D., & Marangoz, C. (2017). Protective effects of melatonin and omega-3 on the hippocampus and the cerebellum of adult Wistar albino rats exposed to electromagnetic fields. Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure, 5(4), 230-241. (Source)

• “Significant cell loss in the CA1 and CA2 regions of hippocampus were observed in the EMF compared to other groups… Granular cell loss was observed in the dentate gyrus of the EMF compared to the Cont… Significant Purkinje cell loss was found in the cerebellum of EMF group compared to the other… The passive avoidance test showed that entrance latency into the dark compartment was significantly shorter in the EMF…Additionally, EMF had a higher serum enzyme activity than the other groups…In conclusion, our analyses confirm that EMF may lead to cellular damage in the hippocampus and the cerebellum, and that Mel (melatonin) and ω3 (omega-3) may have neuroprotective effects.”

Kivrak EG, Altunkaynak BZ, Alkan I, Yurt KK, Kocaman A, Onger ME. (2017) Effects of 900-MHz radiation on the hippocampus and cerebellum of adult rats and attenuation of such effects by folic acid and Boswellia sacra. Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure; 5:216-24. (Source)

• “In conclusion, the stereological and histological results of this study indicate that EMF has harmful effects on the hippocampus and cerebellum. The neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of FA and BS were also demonstrated using stereological, histological and biochemical methods.”

Kim, J. H., Yu, D. H., & Kim, H. R. (2017). Activation of autophagy at cerebral cortex and apoptosis at brainstem are differential responses to 835 MHz RF-EMF exposure. The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology : Official Journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology, 21(2), 179-188. (Source)

• “Taken together, the present study indicates that monthly exposure to RF-EMF induces autophagy in the cerebral cortex and suggests that autophagic degradation in cortical neurons against a stress of 835 MHz RF during 4 weeks could correspond to adaptation to the RF stress environment. However, activation of apoptosis rather than autophagy in the brainstem is suggesting the differential responses to the RF-EMF stresses in the brain system.”
• “Autophagy related genes significantly increased in the cerebral cortex but not in the brainstem. LC3B-II and Beclin1 protein is significantly upregulated in the cerebral cortex but not in the brainstem. Apoptosis is down-regulated in the cerebral cortex but augmented in the brainstem. Autophagy is accumulated in the cerebral cortical neuron.”

Kivrak, E. G., Altunkaynak, B. Z., Alkan, I., Yurt, K. K., Kocaman, A., & Onger, M. E. (2017). Effects of 900-MHz radiation on the hippocampus and cerebellum of adult rats and attenuation of such effects by folic acid and Boswellia sacra. Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure, 5(4), 216-224. (Source)

• “The results showed that EMF caused a significant decrease in total pyramidal and granular cell numbers in the hippocampus, and DG and in Purkinje cell numbers in the cerebellum in the EMF group compared to the other groups (p &lt 0.05). BS and FA attenuated the neurodegenerative effects of EMF in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Significant differences were also determined between the numbers of neurons in the EFA and EMF groups, and between the EBS and EMF groups (p &lt 0.05).”

Kim, J. H., Yu, D. H., Huh, Y. H., Lee, E. H., Kim, H. G., & Kim, H. R. (2017). Long-term exposure to 835 MHz RF-EMF induces hyperactivity, autophagy and demyelination in the cortical neurons of mice. Scientific Reports, 7, 41129. doi:10.1038/srep41129. (Source)

• “Importantly, we found that RF-EMF exposure led to myelin sheath damage and mice displayed hyperactivity-like behavior. The data suggest that autophagy may act as a protective pathway for the neuronal cell bodies in the cerebral cortex during radiofrequency exposure. The observations that neuronal cell bodies remained structurally stable but demyelination was induced in cortical neurons following prolonged RF-EMF suggests a potential cause of neurological or neurobehavioral disorders.”

Kim, J. H., Sohn, U. D., Kim, H. G., & Kim, H. R. (2018). Exposure to 835 MHz RF-EMF decreases the expression of calcium channels, inhibits apoptosis, but induces autophagy in the mouse hippocampus. The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology : Official Journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology, 22(3), 277-289. (Source)

• “These results suggested that exposure of RF-EMF could alter intracellular calcium homeostasis by decreasing calcium channel expression in the hippocampus; presumably by activating the autophagy pathway, while inhibiting apoptotic regulation as an adaptation process for 835 MHz RF-EMF exposure.”

Kim, J. H., Kim, H. J., Yu, D. H., Kweon, H. S., Huh, Y. H., & Kim, H. R. (2017). Changes in numbers and size of synaptic vesicles of cortical neurons induced by exposure to 835 MHz radiofrequency-electromagnetic field. PloS One, 12(10), e0186416. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186416. (Source)

• “The present study suggested that alteration of SVs and Syn levels may result in alterations of neurotransmitters in the cerebral cortex following RF-EMF exposure…Finally, these results may provide the insight that the reduction of neurotransmitters may cause neurological dysfunction in the cerebral cortex, which could further lead to neurobehavioral disorders.”

López-Furelos, A., Leiro-Vidal, J. M., Salas-Sánchez, A. Á., Ares-Pena, F. J., & López-Martín, M. E. (2016). Evidence of cellular stress and caspase-3 resulting from a combined two-frequency signal in the cerebrum and cerebellum of Sprague-dawley rats. Oncotarget, 7(40), 64674-64689. (Source)

• “Twenty-four hours after exposure to combined or single radiation, significant differences were evident in HSP 90 and 70 but not in caspase 3 levels between the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex at high SAR levels. In the cerebellar hemispheres, groups exposed to a single radiofrequency (RF) and high SAR showed significant differences in HSP 90, 70 and caspase-3 levels compared to control animals.”

Mugunthan, N., Shanmugasamy, K., Anbalagan, J., Rajanarayanan, S., & Meenachi, S. (2016). Effects of Long Term Exposure of 900-1800 MHz Radiation Emitted from 2G Mobile Phone on Mice Hippocampus- A Histomorphometric Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR, 10(8), AF01-6. (Source)

• “The long term exposure to 900-1800 MHz frequency radiations emitted from 2G mobile phone could cause significantly reduced neuron density and decreased nuclear diameter in the hippocampus neurons of mice.”

Hao, Y. H., Zhao, L., & Peng, R. Y. (2015). Effects of microwave radiation on brain energy metabolism and related mechanisms. Military Medical Research, 2, 4. doi:10.1186/s40779-015-0033-6. (Source)

• “MW radiation is detrimental to brain energy metabolism. Intrinsically, neurons are extremely sensitive to a reduced ATP availability. As the main source of energy, mitochondria are prone to MW radiation-induced injury.”
• “MW radiation leads to mitochondrial structural damage, primarily observed as mitochondrial swelling and cavitation and disorganized, broken and sparse cristae.”
• “Certain doses of MW radiation cause reduction in mitochondrial ATP synthesis.”
• “MW radiation reduces the activity of SDH (succinate dehydrogenase). Certain doses of MW radiation negatively impact the activity of COX (cytochrome c oxidase).”
• “MW radiation causes abnormal expression of the genes encoding the respiratory chain, resulting in brain energy metabolism disorders.”
• “MW radiation induces neural cell apoptosis via the classical mitochondria-dependent caspase-3 pathway.”
• “MW radiation activates the NADH oxidase-mediated increase in ROS, and in turn, excessive ROS damages the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which is the main source of ROS, ultimately forming a vicious cycle and aggravating the disturbance in brain energy metabolism.”
• “Increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ exists during the process of MW radiation-induced brain damage.”
• “MW radiation can break mtDNA or change the expression of mtDNA, resulting in decreased ATP production. First, mtDNA, with the structure of a double helix ring, lacks the protection of protein binding and repair systems and is much more susceptible to external stimuli, such as MW radiation, than nuclear DNA is. MW radiation is capable of breaking nuclear DNA strands… In addition, ROS has the ability to induce mtDNA mutations and create barriers in OXPHOS and ATP generation.”

Lu, Y., He, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, S., Zhang, L., He, Y., Chen, C., Liu, C., Pi, H., Yu, Z., … Zhou, Z. (2014). Differential pro-inflammatory responses of astrocytes and microglia involve STAT3 activation in response to 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields. PloS One, 9(9), e108318. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108318. (Source)

• “Our results demonstrated that RF exposure differentially induced pro-inflammatory responses in microglia and astrocytes, which involved differential activation of STAT3 in microglia and astrocytes. Our data provide novel insights into the potential mechanisms of the reported CNS impacts associated with mobile phone use and present STAT3 as a promising target to protect humans against increasing RF exposure.”

He, G. L., Liu, Y., Li, M., Chen, C. H., Gao, P., Yu, Z. P., & Yang, X. S. (2014). The amelioration of phagocytic ability in microglial cells by curcumin through the inhibition of EMF-induced pro-inflammatory responses. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 11, 49. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-49. (Source)

• “Electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure can elicit the pro-inflammatory activation and may also trigger an alteration of the clearance function in microglial cells. Curcumin has important roles in the anti-inflammatory and phagocytic process.”
• “This study indicates that curcumin ameliorates the depressed MFG-E8 expression and the attenuated phagocytic ability of EMF-exposed N9 cells, which is attributable to the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory response through the NF-κB and STAT3 pathways.”

S. N. Narayanan, R. S. Kumar, V. Kedage, K. Nalini, S. Nayak, P. G. Bhat (2014) Evaluation of oxidant stress and antioxidant defense in discrete brain regions of rats exposed to 900 MHz radiation. Bratislava Medical Journal, 115,260-266. (Source)

• Results: “Altered behavioral performances were found in RF-EMR-exposed rats. Additionally, elevated TBARS level was found with all brain regions studied. RF-EMR exposure significantly decreased TA in the amygdala and cerebellum but its level was not significantly changed in other brain regions. GST activity was significantly decreased in the hippocampus but, its activity was unaltered in other brain regions studied.”
• Conclusion: “RF-EMR exposure for a month induced oxidative stress in rat brain, but its magnitude was different in different regions studied. RF-EMR-induced oxidative stress could be one of the underlying causes for the behavioral deficits seen in rats after RF-EMR exposure.”

Kavindra Kumar Kesari, Mohd Haris Siddiqui, Ramovatar Meena, H. N. Verma, Shivendra Kumar (2013) Cell phone radiation exposure on brain and associated biological systems. Indian Journal Experimental Biology; 51(3): 187–200. (Source)

• “This review concludes that the regular and long term use of microwave devices (mobile phone, microwave oven) at domestic level can have negative impact upon biological system especially on brain. It also suggests that increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role by enhancing the effect of microwave radiations which may cause neurodegenerative diseases.”

Comelekoglu, U. , Aktas, S. , Demirbag, B. , Karagul, M. I., Yalin, S. , Yildirim, M. , Akar, A. , Korunur Engiz, B. , Sogut, F. and Ozbay, E. (2018), Effect of low‐level 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the rat sciatic nerve and the protective role of paricalcitol. Bioelectromagnetics; doi:10.1002/bem.22149. (Source)

• “In the RF group, a significant reduction in amplitude, prolongation in latency, an increase in the MDA level, and an increase in catalase activity and degeneration in the myelinated nerve fibers were observed. The electrophysiological and histological findings were consistent with neuropathy, and the neuropathic changes were partially ameliorated with paricalcitol (man-made vitamin D) administration.”

Mishra, S. K., Chowdhary, R., Kumari, S., & Rao, S. B. (2017). Effect of Cell Phone Radiations on Orofacial Structures: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR, 11(5), ZE01-ZE05. (Source)

• “Cell phone emitted radiations had their adverse effect on salivary glands and facial nerves. Studies showed that cell phone emitted radiations had effects on oral mucosal cells and causes changes in salivary flow rate.”

Andrew A. Marino, Paul Y. Kim & Clifton Frilot II (2017) Trigeminal neurons detect cellphone radiation: Thermal or nonthermal is not the question, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 36:2, 123-131. (Source)

• “Trigeminal neurons were capable of detecting temperature changes far below skin temperature increases caused by cellphone radiation. Simulated cellphone radiation affected brain electrical activity associated with nonlinear cognitive processing of radiation-induced thermal afferent signals. Radiation standards for cellphones based on a thermal/nonthermal binary distinction do not prevent neurophysiological consequences of cellphone radiation.”

Gupta, S.K., Mesharam, M.K. & Krishnamurthy (2018) Electromagnetic radiation 2450 MHz exposure causes cognition deficit with mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in rats. Journal of Biosciences; 43: 263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-018-9744-7. (Source)

• “Therefore, exposure of EMR-2450 in rats caused cognitive deficit with related pathophysiological changes in mitochondrial and cholinergic function, and amyloidogenesis.”

Rini Varghese, Anuradha Majumdar, Girish Kumar, Amit Shukla (2018) Rats exposed to 2.45GHz of non-ionizing radiation exhibit behavioral changes with increased brain expression of apoptotic caspase 3, Pathophysiology; 25(1), 19-30. ISSN 0928-4680. (Source)

• “Analysis of dendritic arborization of neurons showcased reduction in number of dendritic branching and intersections which corresponds to alteration in dendritic structure of neurons, affecting neuronal signaling. The study clearly indicates that exposure of rats to microwave radiation of 2.45 GHz leads to detrimental changes in brain leading to lowering of learning and memory and expression of anxiety behavior in rats along with fall in brain antioxidant enzyme systems.”
• “The exposure to radiation induced oxidative stress and fall in brain antioxidants. The exposure triggered the gene expression of caspase 3.”

Martin L. Pall (2016) Microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression, Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy; 75 (B), 43-51. (Source)

• “Among the more commonly reported changes are sleep disturbance/insomnia, headache, depression/depressive symptoms, fatigue/tiredness, dysesthesia, concentration/attention dysfunction, memory changes, dizziness, irritability, loss of appetite/body weight, restlessness/anxiety, nausea, skin burning/tingling/dermographism and EEG changes. In summary, then, the mechanism of action of microwave EMFs, the role of the VGCCs in the brain, the impact of non-thermal EMFs on the brain, extensive epidemiological studies performed over the past 50 years, and five criteria testing for causality, all collectively show that various non-thermal microwave EMF exposures produce diverse neuropsychiatric effects.”

Roggeveen, S., van Os, J., Viechtbauer, W., & Lousberg, R. (2015). EEG Changes Due to Experimentally Induced 3G Mobile Phone Radiation. PloS One, 10(6), e0129496. (Source)

• “This study attempted to approach the question whether or not mobile phones cause (short-term) changes in EEG activity. There was evidence that mobile phone radiation is associated with increased activity of the alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands in nearly every brain region. The distance of the mobile phone to the brain was relevant, a larger distance resulting in less or no EEG interference.”

H.S. Aboul Ezz, Y.A. Khadrawy, N.A. Ahmed, N.M. Radwan, M.M. El Bakry (2013) The effect of pulsed electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone on the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in four different areas of rat brain, Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci; 17 (13): 1782-1788. (Source)

• “The exposure of adult rats to EMR may cause disturbances in monoamine neurotransmitters and this may underlie many of the adverse effects reported after EMR including memory, learning, and stress.”

Adamantia F. Fragopoulou, Athina Samara, Marianna H. Antonelou, Anta Xanthopoulou, Aggeliki Papadopoulou, Konstantinos Vougas, Eugenia Koutsogiannopoulou, Ema Anastasiadou, Dimitrios J. Stravopodis, George Th. Tsangaris & Lukas H. Margaritis (2012) Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 31:4, 250-274, DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.631068. (Source)

• “The observed protein expression changes may be related to brain plasticity alterations, indicative of oxidative stress in the nervous system or involved in apoptosis and might potentially explain human health hazards reported so far, such as headaches, sleep disturbance, fatigue, memory deficits, and brain tumor long-term induction under similar exposure conditions.”

Narayanan, S. N., Kumar, R. S., Potu, B. K., Nayak, S., Bhat, P. G., & Mailankot, M. (2010). Effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) on passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in Wistar rats. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 115(2), 91-6. (Source)

• “Mobile phone RF-EMR exposure significantly altered the passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in rats.”

Narayanan, S. N., Kumar, R. S., Potu, B. K., Nayak, S., & Mailankot, M. (2009). Spatial memory performance of Wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 64(3), 231-4. (Source)

• “Mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. This in turn points to the poor spatial navigation and the object place configurations of the phone-exposed animals.”

Nittby, H. , Grafström, G. , Tian, D. P., Malmgren, L. , Brun, A. , Persson, B. R., Salford, L. G. and Eberhardt, J. (2008), Cognitive impairment in rats after long‐term exposure to GSM‐900 mobile phone radiation. Bioelectromagnetics, 29: 219-232. doi:10.1002/bem.20386. (Source)

• “In our study, GSM exposed rats had impaired memory for objects and their temporal order of presentation, compared to sham exposed controls (P = 0.02)…Our results suggest significantly reduced memory functions in rats after GSM microwave exposure (P = 0.02).”

Huber, R. , Treyer, V. , Schuderer, J. , Berthold, T. , Buck, A. , Kuster, N. , Landolt, H. P. and Achermann, P. (2005), Exposure to pulse‐modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields affects regional cerebral blood flow. European Journal of Neuroscience, 21: 1000-1006. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03929.x. (Source)

• “The effect depended on the spectral power in the amplitude modulation of the RF carrier such that only ‘handset-like’ RF EMF exposure with its stronger low-frequency components but not the ‘base-station-like’ RF EMF exposure affected rCBF. This finding supports our previous observation that pulse modulation of RF EMF is necessary to induce changes in the waking and sleep EEG, and substantiates the notion that pulse modulation is crucial for RF EMF-induced alterations in brain physiology.”

Kumar, M., Singh, S. P., & Chaturvedi, C. M. (2016). Chronic Nonmodulated Microwave Radiations in Mice Produce Anxiety-like and Depression-like Behaviours and Calcium- and NO-related Biochemical Changes in the Brain. Experimental Neurobiology, 25(6), 318-327. (Source)

• “Mice subjected to non-modulated microwave exposure had significantly increased acetylcholinesterase activity and increased intracellular calcium and nitric oxide levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and also had increased glucose and corticosterone levels in blood compared to control mice. These non-modulated microwave-exposed mice exhibited anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours.”

Mohammed, H. S., Fahmy, H. M., Radwan, N. M., & Elsayed, A. A. (2012). Non-thermal continuous and modulated electromagnetic radiation fields effects on sleep EEG of rats. Journal of Advanced Research, 4(2), 181-7. (Source)

• “EEG power spectral analyses of exposed and control animals during slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) revealed that the REM sleep is more susceptible to modulated radiofrequency radiation fields (RFR) than the SWS. The latency of REM sleep increased due to radiation exposure indicating a change in the ultradian rhythm of normal sleep cycles. The cumulative and irreversible effect of radiation exposure was proposed and the interaction of the extremely low frequency radiation with the similar EEG frequencies was suggested.”

Huss, Anke & Peters, Susan & Vermeulen, Roel. (2018). Occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and the risk of ALS: A systematic review and meta-analysis: Exposure to Magnetic Fields and ALS. Bioelectromagnetics. 39. 10.1002/bem.22104. (Source)

• “In this meta-analysis, we observed an increased risk of ALS in workers occupationally exposed to ELF-MF.”

Andel, R., Crowe, M., Feychting, M., Pedersen, N. L., Fratiglioni, L., Johansson, B., & Gatz, M. (2010). Work-related exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and dementia: results from the population-based study of dementia in Swedish twins. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences, 65(11), 1220-7. (Source)

• “Occupational EMF exposure appears relevant primarily to dementia with an earlier onset and among former manual workers.”

Kerstin Hug, Martin Röösli, Regula Rapp (2006) Magnetic field exposure and neurodegenerative diseases–recent epidemiological studies. Social and Preventative Medicine. 2006; 51(4): 210–220. (Source)

• “The findings of these studies contribute to the evidence of an association between occupational magnetic field exposure and the risk of dementia. Regarding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the recent results confirm earlier observations of an association with electric and electronic work and welding. Its relationship with magnetic field exposure remains unsolved. There are only few findings pointing towards an association between magnetic field exposure and Parkinson’s disease.”

Niclas Håkansson, Per Gustavsson, Christoffer Johansen, Birgitta Floderus (2003) Neurodegenerative diseases in welders and other workers exposed to high levels of magnetic fields. Epidemiology; 14(4): 420–428. doi: 10.1097/01.EDE.0000078446.76859.c9. (Source)

• “The findings support previous observations of an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease and ALS among employees occupationally exposed to ELF-MF.”

Chung-Yi Li, Fung-Chang Sung (2003) Association between occupational exposure to power frequency electromagnetic fields and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review. American Journal of Industrial Medicine; 43(2): 212–220. doi: 10.1002/ajim.10148. (Source)

• “Nine out of the ten epidemiological studies that have been conducted on the risk of ALS in relation to occupational exposure to EMF show moderate to strong relative risk estimates that supported a link between them.”

Curtis W. Noonan, John S. Reif, Michael Yost, Jennifer Touchstone (2002) Occupational exposure to magnetic fields in case-referent studies of neurodegenerative diseases. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health; 28(1): 42–48. (Source)

• “A positive association was observed for Parkinson’s disease with all the methods of magnetic-field exposure assessment, the odds ratio (OR) for the highest category in the job-exposure matrix being 1.50 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.02-2.19]. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was associated with a history of electrical occupations (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.29-4.09)…”

Alsanosi, Abdulrahman & O Al-Momani, Murad & Hagr, Abdulrahman & Almomani, Fidaa & M Shami, Ibraheem & F Al-Habeeb, Salman. (2013). The acute auditory effects of exposure for 60 minutes to mobile`s electromagnetic field. Saudi Medical Journal. 34. 142-6. (Source)

• “Sixty minutes of close exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by a mobile phone had an immediate effect on HTL (hearing threshold levels) assessed by pure-tone audiogram and inner ear (assessed by DPOAE) in young human subjects. It also caused a number of other otologic symptoms.”

Khullar, S., Sood, A., & Sood, S. (2013). Auditory Brainstem Responses and EMFs Generated by Mobile Phones. Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India, 65(Suppl 3), 645-9. (Source)

• “Based on our findings we concluded that long term exposure to mobile phones may affect conduction in the peripheral portion of the auditory pathway.”

Velayutham, P., Govindasamy, G. K., Raman, R., Prepageran, N., & Ng, K. H. (2011). High-frequency hearing loss among mobile phone users. Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India, 66(Suppl 1), 169-72. (Source)

• “Chronic usage mobile phone revealed high frequency hearing loss in the dominant ear (mobile phone used) compared to the non-dominant ear.”

Barbara A. Maher, Imad A. M. Ahmed, Vassil Karloukovski, Donald A. MacLaren, Penelope G. Foulds, David Allsop, David M. A. Mann, Ricardo Torres-Jardón, Lilian Calderon-Garciduenas (2013) Magnetite pollution particles in the human brain, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113 (39) 10797-10801; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605941113. (Source)

• “We identify the abundant presence in the human brain of magnetite nanoparticles that match precisely the high-temperature magnetite nanospheres, formed by combustion and/or friction-derived heating, which are prolific in urban, airborne particulate matter (PM). Because many of the airborne magnetite pollution particles are &lt200 nm in diameter, they can enter the brain directly through the olfactory nerve and by crossing the damaged olfactory unit. This discovery is important because nanoscale magnetite can respond to external magnetic fields, and is toxic to the brain, being implicated in production of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Because enhanced ROS production is causally linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, exposure to such airborne PM-derived magnetite nanoparticles might need to be examined as a possible hazard to human health.””

Kirschvink, J. L., Kobayashi-Kirschvink, A., & Woodford, B. J. (1992). Magnetite biomineralization in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89(16), 7683-7. (Source)

Manuel Barandiaran, Jose & Martinez Millan, Luis & Gerrikagoitia, Inmaculada & Orue, Sara & Orue, Inaki & Lezama, Luis & Muela, Alicia & Fdez-Gubieda, M. Luisa. (2015). Search for Magnetite Nanoparticles in the Rats’ Brain. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 51. 1-3. (Source)

• “No presence of magnetite (with a limit of a few picograms) was found.”

J. L. Kirschvink (1996) Microwave absorption by magnetite: a possible mechanism for coupling nonthermal levels of radiation to biological systems. Bioelectromagnetics; 17(3): 187–194. (Source)

• “Magnetite is an excellent absorber of microwave radiation at frequencies between 0.5 and 10.0 GHz through the process of ferromagnetic resonance, where the magnetic vector of the incident field causes precession of Bohr magnetons around the internal demagnetizing field of the crystal. Energy absorbed by this process is first transduced into acoustic vibrations at the microwave carrier frequency within the crystal lattice via the magnetoacoustic effect; then, the energy should be dissipated in cellular structures in close proximity to the magnetite crystals.”

Mustafa Nazıroğlu, Murat Yüksel, Seyit Ali Köse, Mehmet Okan Özkaya (2013) Recent reports of Wi-Fi and mobile phone-induced radiation on oxidative stress and reproductive signaling pathways in females and males. The Journal of Membrane Biology; 246(12): 869–875. doi: 10.1007/s00232-013-9597-9. (Source)

• “The aim of the study was to discuss the mechanisms and risk factors of EMR changes on reproductive functions and membrane oxidative biology in females and males. It was reported that even chronic exposure to EMR did not increase the risk of reproductive functions such as increased levels of neoantigens abort. However, the results of some studies indicate that EMR induced endometriosis and inflammation and decreased the number of follicles in the ovarium or uterus of rats. In studies with male rats, exposure caused degeneration in the seminiferous tubules, reduction in the number of Leydig cells and testosterone production as well as increases in luteinizing hormone levels and apoptotic cells. In some cases of male and female infertility, increased levels of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation and decreased values of antioxidants such as melatonin, vitamin E and glutathione peroxidase were reported in animals exposed to EMR. In conclusion, the results of current studies indicate that oxidative stress from exposure to Wi-Fi and mobile phone-induced EMR is a significant mechanism affecting female and male reproductive systems. However, there is no evidence to this date to support an increased risk of female and male infertility related to EMR exposure.”

Houston, B. J., Nixon, B., King, B. V., Aitken, R. J., & De Iuliis, G. N. (2018). Probing the Origins of 1,800 MHz Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Induced Damage in Mouse Immortalized Germ Cells and Spermatozoa in vitro. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 270. (Source)

• “This study demonstrated that a 4 h exposure is capable of inducing the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS)…”
• “…exposure to RF-EMR at 0.15 W/kg for 3 h did induce significant DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa…Furthermore, this fragmentation was accompanied by an induction of oxidative DNA damage…which was significant (p &lt 0.05) after spermatozoa were exposed to RF-EMR for 4 h. At this exposure time point, a decline in sperm motility (p &lt 0.05) was also observed. This study contributes new evidence toward elucidating a mechanism to account for the effects of RF-EMR on biological systems, proposing Complex III of the mitochondrial ETC as the key target of this radiation.”

Houston, B., Nixon, B., King, B., De Iuliis, G., & Aitken, R. (2016). The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on sperm function, Reproduction, 152(6), R263-R276. (Source)

• “Within these 21 studies, 11 of the 15 that investigated sperm motility reported significant declines, 7 of 7 that measured the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) documented elevated levels and 4 of 5 studies that probed for DNA damage highlighted increased damage due to RF-EMR exposure. Associated with this, RF-EMR treatment reduced the antioxidant levels in 6 of 6 studies that discussed this phenomenon, whereas consequences of RF-EMR were successfully ameliorated with the supplementation of antioxidants in all 3 studies that carried out these experiments. In light of this, we envisage a two-step mechanism whereby RF-EMR is able to induce mitochondrial dysfunction leading to elevated ROS production.”

Zhang, Guowei & Yan, Huan & Chen, Qing & Liu, Kaijun & Ling, Xi & Sun, Lei & Zhou, Niya & Wang, Zhi & Zou, Peng & Wang, Xiaogang & Tan, Lu & Cui, Zhihong & Zhou, Ziyuan & Liu, Jinyi & Ao, Lin & Cao, Jia. (2016). Effects of cell phone use on semen parameters: Results from the MARHCS cohort study in Chongqing, China. Environment international. 91. 116-121. 10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.028. (Source)

• “Our results showed that certain aspects of cell phone use may negatively affect sperm quality in men by decreasing the semen volume, sperm concentration, or sperm count, thus impairing male fertility.”

Gorpinchenko, I., Nikitin, O., Banyra, O., & Shulyak, A. (2014). The influence of direct mobile phone radiation on sperm quality. Central European Journal of Urology, 67(1), 65-71. (Source)

• “A correlation exists between mobile phone radiation exposure, DNA–fragmentation level and decreased sperm motility.”

Sandro La Vignera, Rosita A. Condorelli, Enzo Vicari, Rosario D’Agata, Aldo E. Calogero (2012) Effects of the exposure to mobile phones on male reproduction: a review of the literature. Journal of Andrology. 2012 May-Jun; 33(3): 350–356. (Source)

• “Studies have been conducted in rats, mice, and rabbits using a similar design based upon mobile phone RF exposure for variable lengths of time. Together, the results of these studies have shown that RF-EMR decreases sperm count and motility and increases oxidative stress. In humans, 2 different experimental approaches have been followed: one has explored the effects of RF-EMR directly on spermatozoa and the other has evaluated the sperm parameters in men using or not using mobile phones. The results showed that human spermatozoa exposed to RF-EMR have decreased motility, morphometric abnormalities, and increased oxidative stress, whereas men using mobile phones have decreased sperm concentration, decreased motility (particularly rapid progressive motility), normal morphology, and decreased viability. These abnormalities seem to be directly related to the duration of mobile phone use.”

Lin, Y. Y., Wu, T., Liu, J. Y., Gao, P., Li, K. C., Guo, Q. Y., Yuan, M., Lang, H. Y., Zeng, L. H., … Guo, G. Z. (2017). 1950MHz Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Inhibits Testosterone Secretion of Mouse Leydig Cells. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(1), 17. doi:10.3390/ijerph15010017. (Source)

• “The current results indicated that 24 h of exposure at 1950 MHz 3 W/kg radiation could cause some adverse effects on TM3 cells proliferation and Testosterone secretion, further studies about the biological effects in the reproductive system that are induced by RF radiation are also needed.”

Liu, Q., Si, T., Xu, X., Liang, F., Wang, L., & Pan, S. (2015). Electromagnetic radiation at 900 MHz induces sperm apoptosis through bcl-2, bax and caspase-3 signaling pathways in rats. Reproductive Health, 12, 65. doi:10.1186/s12978-015-0062-3. (Source)

• “RF-EMR increases the ROS level and decreases TAC in rat sperm. Excessive oxidative stress alters the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes and triggers sperm apoptosis through bcl-2, bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3 signaling pathways.”

Bin-Meferij, M. M., & El-Kott, A. F. (2015). The radioprotective effects of Moringa oleifera against mobile phone electromagnetic radiation-induced infertility in rats. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 8(8), 12487-97. (Source)

• “The results showed that the EMR treated group exhibited a significantly decrease sperm parameters. Furthermore, concurrent exposure to EMR and treated with MOE significantly enhanced the sperm parameters. However, histological results in EMR group showed irregular seminiferous tubules, few spermatogonia, giant multinucleated cells, degenerated spermatozoa and the number of Leydig cells was significantly reduced. PCNA labeling indices were significant in EMR group versus the control group. Also, EMR affects spermatogenesis and causes to apoptosis due to the heat and other stress-related EMR in testis tissue. This study concludes that chronic exposure to EMR marked testicular injury which can be prevented by Moringa oleifera leaf extract.”

Al-Damegh (2012). Rat testicular impairment induced by electromagnetic radiation from a conventional cellular telephone and the protective effects of the antioxidants vitamins C and E. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 67(7), 785-92. (Source)

• “Our results indicate that the adverse effect of the generated electromagnetic frequency (from cellphone) had a negative impact on testicular architecture and enzymatic activity. This finding also indicated the possible role of vitamins C and E in mitigating the oxidative stress imposed on the testes and restoring normality to the testes.”

Ma HR, Cao XH, Ma XL, Chen JJ, Chen JW, Yang H, Liu YX. (2015) Protective effect of Liuweidihuang Pills against cellphone electromagnetic radiation-induced histomorphological abnormality, oxidative injury, and cell apoptosis in rat testes. National Journal of Androgyny (Chinese):737-41. (Source)

• “Compared with the normal controls, the radiated rats showed obviously loose structure, reduced layers of spermatocytes, and cavitation in the seminiferous tubules.”
• “Liuweidihuang Pills can improve cellphone electromagnetic radiation-induced histomorphological abnormality of the testis tissue and reduce its oxidative damage and cell apoptosis.”

Conrado Avendaño, Ariela Mata, César A. Sanchez Sarmiento, Gustavo F. Doncel (2012) Use of laptop computers connected to internet through Wi-Fi decreases human sperm motility and increases sperm DNA fragmentation. Fertility and Sterility; 97(1): 39–45.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.10.012. (Source)

• “Ex vivo exposure of human spermatozoa to a wireless internet-connected laptop decreased motility and induced DNA fragmentation by a nonthermal effect. We speculate that keeping a laptop connected wirelessly to the internet on the lap near the testes may result in decreased male fertility.”

Kavindra Kumar Kesari, Jitendra Behari (2010) Microwave exposure affecting reproductive system in male rats. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology; 162(2): 416–428. (Source)

• “We conclude that these radiations may have a significant effect on reproductive system of male rats, which may be an indication of male infertility.”

Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J. (2008) Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertility and Sterility; 89(1):124-8. (Source)

• “Use of cell phones decrease the semen quality in men by decreasing the sperm count, motility, viability, and normal morphology. The decrease in sperm parameters was dependent on the duration of daily exposure to cell phones and independent of the initial semen quality.”

Asghari, A., Khaki, A. A., Rajabzadeh, A., & Khaki, A. (2016). A review on Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and the reproductive system. Electronic Physician, 8(7), 2655-62. doi:10.19082/2655. (Source)

• “Many studies have shown that electromagnetic fields can have destructive effects on sex hormones, gonadal function, fetal development, and pregnancy. So people must be aware of the negative effects of EMFs. Although the impact of the waves varied at different frequencies, it is better to stay as far away as possible from their origin because of the risks associated with exposures to these waves. In addition, people can use of natural antioxidants (Vit-E and Fennel) to help reduce the effects of these waves.”

Bakacak, Murat & Bostancı, Mehmet Sühha & Attar, Rukset & Kizilkale Yıldırım, Özge & Yildirim, Gazi & Bakacak, Zeyneb & Sayar, Hamide & Han, Agahan. (2015). The effects of electromagnetic fields on the number of ovarian primordial follicles: An experimental study. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. 31. 10.1016/j.kjms.2015.03.004. (Source)

• “This study found a significant decrease in the number of ovarian follicles in rats exposed to an EMF. Further clinical studies are needed to reveal the effects of EMFs on ovarian reserve and infertility.”

Gye, M. C., & Park, C. J. (2012). Effect of electromagnetic field exposure on the reproductive system. Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine, 39(1), 1-9. (Source)

• “To date, many in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that EMF exposure can alter cellular homeostasis, endocrine function, reproductive function, and fetal development in animal systems. Reproductive parameters reported to be altered by EMF exposure include male germ cell death, the estrous cycle, reproductive endocrine hormones, reproductive organ weights, sperm motility, early embryonic development, and pregnancy success. At the cellular level, an increase in free radicals and [Ca2+]i may mediate the effect of EMFs and lead to cell growth inhibition, protein misfolding, and DNA breaks. The effect of EMF exposure on reproductive function differs according to frequency and wave, strength (energy), and duration of exposure…”
• “EMF exposure was found to alter the reproductive endocrine hormones, gonadal function, embryonic development, pregnancy, and fetal development.”

E Odacı, D Ünal, T Mercantepe, Z Topal, H Hancı, S Türedi, Hs Erol, S Mungan, H Kaya & S Çolakoğlu (2015) Pathological effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on the 21-day-old male rat kidney, Biotechnic & Histochemistry, 90:2, 93-101, DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2014.947322. (Source)

• “Pregnant rats were exposed to 900 MHz EMF, 1 h/day, on days 13–21 of pregnancy; no procedure was performed on control group pregnant rats or on mothers or newborns after birth. Light microscopy revealed some degenerative changes in the tubule epithelium, small cystic formations in the primitive tubules and large cysts in the cortico-medullary or medullary regions in the experimental group. Electron microscopy revealed a loss of peritubular capillaries and atypical parietal layer epithelial cells in the experimental group. Biochemical analysis showed significantly increased MDA levels in the experimental group and decreased SOD and CAT levels. EMF applied during the prenatal period can caused pathological changes in kidney tissue in 21-day-old male rats owing to oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant enzyme levels.”

Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Gao, Y., & Zhang, C. (2014). Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Journal of Radiation Research, 56(2), 261-8. (Source)

• “We found that mice showed less movement in the center of an open field (using the OFT) and in an open arm (using the EPM) after in utero exposure to 9.417-GHz radiation, which suggested that the mice had increased anxiety-related behavior. Mice demonstrated reduced immobility in TST and FST after in utero exposure to 9.417-GHz radiation, which suggested that the mice had decreased depression-related behavior. From the MWM test, we observed that male offspring demonstrated decreased learning and memory, while females were not affected in learning and memory, which suggested that microwaves had gender-dependent effects. In summary, we have provided the first experimental evidence of microwaves inducing gender-dependent effects.”

Birks, L., Guxens, M., Papadopoulou, E., Alexander, J., Ballester, F., Estarlich, M., Gallastegi, M., Ha, M., Haugen, M., Huss, A., Kheifets, L., Lim, H., Olsen, J., Santa-Marina, L., Sudan, M., Vermeulen, R., Vrijkotte, T., Cardis, E., … Vrijheid, M. (2017). Maternal cell phone use during pregnancy and child behavioral problems in five birth cohorts. Environment international, 104, 122-131. (Source)

• “Maternal cell phone use during pregnancy may be associated with an increased risk for behavioral problems, particularly hyperactivity/inattention problems, in the offspring.”

M. Haghani, M. Shabani, K. Moazzami (2013) Maternal mobile phone exposure adversely affects the electrophysiological properties of Purkinje neurons in rat offspring, Neuroscience, 250, 588-598. (Source)

• “The results of the present study failed to show any behavioral abnormalities in rats exposed to chronic EMF radiation. However, whole-cell patch clamp recordings revealed decreased neuronal excitability of Purkinje cells in rats exposed to EMF. The most prominent changes included afterhyperpolarization amplitude, spike frequency, half width and first spike latency. In conclusion, the results of the present study show that prenatal EMF exposure results in altered electrophysiological properties of Purkinje neurons. However, these changes may not be severe enough to alter the cerebellum-dependent functional tasks.”

Aldad, T. S., Gan, G., Gao, X. B., & Taylor, H. S. (2012). Fetal radiofrequency radiation exposure from 800-1900 mhz-rated cellular telephones affects neurodevelopment and behavior in mice. Scientific Reports, 2, 312. (Source)

• “Here we used a mouse model to demonstrate that in-utero radiofrequency exposure from cellular telephones does affect adult behavior. Mice exposed in-utero were hyperactive and had impaired memory as determined using the object recognition, light/dark box and step-down assays. Whole cell patch clamp recordings of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) revealed that these behavioral changes were due to altered neuronal developmental programming. Exposed mice had dose-responsive impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto layer V pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex. We present the first experimental evidence of neuropathology due to in-utero cellular telephone radiation.”
• “Here we demonstrate that fetal exposure to 800–1900 Mhz-rated radiofrequency radiation from cellular telephones leads to behavioral and neurophysiological alterations that persist into adulthood. Mice exposed during pregnancy had impaired memory, were hyperactive, and had decreased anxiety, indicating that in-utero exposure to radiofrequency is a potential cause of neurobehavioral disorders. We further demonstrated impairment of glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex associated with these behavioral changes, suggesting a mechanism by which in-utero cellular telephone radiation exposure may lead to the increased prevalence of neurobehavioral disorders.”

Archana Sharma, Kavindra Kumar Kesari, Virender Kumar Saxena, Rashmi Sisodia (2017) Ten gigahertz microwave radiation impairs spatial memory, enzymes activity, and histopathology of developing mice brain. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. doi: 10.1007/s11010-017-3051-8. (Source)

• “Several other endpoints like brain weight, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, protein, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were also found significantly (p &lt 0.05) altered in mice whole brain…Moreover, statistically significant (p &lt 0.001) effect was investigated in spatial memory of the animals…Significant alteration in histopathological parameters (qualitative and quantitative) was also observed in CA1 region of the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and ansiform lobule of cerebellum. Results from the present study concludes that the brain of 2 weeks aged mice was very sensitive to microwave exposure as observed immediately after exposure and during follow-up study at 6 weeks of age.”

Zhang, J. P., Zhang, K. Y., Guo, L., Chen, Q. L., Gao, P., Wang, T., Li, J., Guo, G. Z., … Ding, G. R. (2017). Effects of 1.8 GHz Radiofrequency Fields on the Emotional Behavior and Spatial Memory of Adolescent Mice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(11), 1344. doi:10.3390/ijerph14111344. (Source)

• “It was found that the depression-like behavior, spatial memory ability and histology of the brain did not change obviously after RF exposure. However, the anxiety-like behavior increased in mice, while, the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and aspartic acid (Asp) in cortex and hippocampus significantly decreased after RF exposure. These data suggested that RF exposure under these conditions do not affect the depression-like behavior, spatial memory and brain histology in adolescent male mice, but it may however increase the level of anxiety, and GABA and Asp were probably involved in this effect.”

Sudan M, Olsen J, Arah OA, et al (2016) Prospective cohort analysis of cellphone use and emotional and behavioural difficulties in children, Journal Epidemiological Community Health; 70:1207-1213. (Source)

• “Our findings are consistent with patterns seen in earlier studies, and suggest that both prenatal and postnatal exposures may be associated with increased risks of emotional and behavioural difficulties in children.”

Narayanan, S.N., Kumar, R.S., Karun, K.M. et al. (2015) Possible cause for altered spatial cognition of prepubescent rats exposed to chronic radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Metabolic Brain Disorders; 30: 1193. (Source)

• “Progressive learning abilities were found to be decreased in RF-EMR exposed rats. Memory retention test performed 24 h after the last training revealed minor spatial memory deficit in RF-EMR exposed group. However, RF-EMR exposed rats exhibited poor spatial memory retention when tested 48 h after the final trial…Structural changes found in the hippocampus of RF-EMR exposed rats could be one of the possible reasons for altered cognition.”

Schoeni, Anna & Roser, Katharina & Röösli, Martin. (2015). Memory performance, wireless communication and exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: A prospective cohort study in adolescents. Environment International. 85. 343-351. 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.025. (Source)

• “A change in memory performance over one year was negatively associated with cumulative duration of wireless phone use and more strongly with RF-EMF dose. This may indicate that RF-EMF exposure affects memory performance.”

Byun, Y. H., Ha, M., Kwon, H. J., Hong, Y. C., Leem, J. H., Sakong, J., Kim, S. Y., Lee, C. G., Kang, D., Choi, H. D., … Kim, N. (2013). Mobile phone use, blood lead levels, and attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms in children: a longitudinal study. PloS One, 8(3), e59742. (Source)

• “The results suggest that simultaneous exposure to lead and RF from mobile phone use was associated with increased ADHD symptom risk.”

Divan HA, Kheifets L, Obel C, et al (2012) Cell phone use and behavioural problems in young children. Journal Epidemiological Community Health; 66:524-529. (Source)

• “The findings of the previous publication were replicated in this separate group of participants demonstrating that cell phone use was associated with behavioural problems at age 7 years in children, and this association was not limited to early users of the technology.”
• “Exposure to cell phones prenatally-and, to a lesser degree, postnatally-was associated with behavioral difficulties such as emotional and hyperactivity problems around the age of school entry.” (previous study. 2008)

Iu G. Grigor’ev (2005) The electromagnetic fields of cellular phones and the health of children and of teenagers (the situation requiring to take an urgent measure). Radiation Biology Radioecology; 45(4, 442–450. (Source)

• “The results of the researches indicate the increased sensitivity of the children and of the teenagers to this kind of radiation. Direct indicators of electromagnetic influence can be infringement of sleep, decrease of the memory, fatigue, breach of a blood-brain barrier permeability, changes in nervous cells of a brain. As the remote consequences the development of tumors of a brain and acoustic nerve are predicted. However all these results require the realization of independent repeated researches. WHO (World Health Organization) recommends to use ‘Precautionary principle’ with the purposes of decreasing of the risk. Russian National Committee of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection recommended to limit the use of CP by children and teenagers under 16 years old (2002, February 2004).”

C. Fernández, A.A. de Salles, M.E. Sears, R.D. Morris, D.L. Davis (2018) Absorption of wireless radiation in the child versus adult brain and eye from cell phone conversation or virtual reality, Environmental Research; 167. 694-699. ISSN 0013-9351. (Source)

• “Modeling of a cell phone held to the ear, or of virtual reality devices in front of the eyes, reveals that young eyes and brains absorb substantially higher local radiation doses than adults.”

Christ, Andreas & Gosselin, Marie-Christine & Christopoulou, Maria & Kühn, Sven & Kuster, Niels. (2010). Age-dependent tissue-specific exposure of cell phone users. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 55. 1767-83. 10.1088/0031-9155/55/7/001. (Source)

• “The results show that the locally induced fields in children can be significantly higher (>3 dB) in subregions of the brain (cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus) and the eye due to the closer proximity of the phone to these tissues. The increase is even larger for bone marrow (>10 dB) as a result of its significantly high conductivity.”

Smith-Roe S, Wyde M, et al (2019) Evaluation of the genotoxicity of cell phone radiofrequency radiation in male and female rats and mice following subchronic exposure, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 61:2, 276-290.(Source)

• “Results of the comet assay showed significant increases in DNA damage in the frontal cortex of male mice (both modulations), leukocytes of female mice (CDMA only), and hippocampus of male rats (CDMA only). Increases in DNA damage judged to be equivocal were observed in several other tissues of rats and mice. No significant increases in micronucleated red blood cells were observed in rats or mice. In conclusion, these results suggest that exposure to RFR is associated with an increase in DNA damage.”

Mehmet Akdag, Suleyman Dasdag, Fazile Canturk & Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag (2018) Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phones induced DNA damage in human ear canal hair follicle cells, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 37:2, 66-75, DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2018.1463246. (Source)

• “Results of the study showed that DNA damage indicators were higher in the RFR exposure groups than in the control subjects. In addition, DNA damage increased with the daily duration of exposure. In conclusion, RFR emitted from mobile phones has a potential to produce DNA damage in follicle cells of hair in the ear canal.”

Zothansiama, Mary Zosangzuali, Miriam Lalramdinpuii & Ganesh Chandra Jagetia (2017) Impact of radiofrequency radiation on DNA damage and antioxidants in peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans residing in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 36:3, 295-305, DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2017.1350584. (Source)

• “The analyses of data from the exposed group (n = 40), residing within a perimeter of 80 m of mobile base stations, showed significantly (p &lt 0.0001) higher frequency of micronuclei when compared to the control group, residing 300 m away from the mobile base station/s. The analysis of various antioxidants in the plasma of exposed individuals revealed a significant attrition in glutathione (GSH) concentration (p &lt 0.01), activities of catalase (CAT) (p &lt 0.001) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p &lt 0.001) and rise in lipid peroxidation (LOO) when compared to controls. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed a significant association among reduced GSH concentration (p &lt 0.05), CAT (p &lt 0.001) and SOD (p &lt 0.001) activities and elevated MN frequency (p &lt 0.001) and LOO (p &lt 0.001) with increasing RF power density.”
• “Micronucleus small nucleus forms when chromosome or a fragment of is not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division. It usually is a sign of genotoxic events and chromosomal instability.”

Xing, F., Zhan, Q., He, Y., Cui, J., He, S., & Wang, G. (2016). 1800MHz Microwave Induces p53 and p53-Mediated Caspase-3 Activation Leading to Cell Apoptosis In Vitro. PloS One, 11(9), e0163935. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163935.

• “Our analysis revealed that EMR exposure significantly decreased viability of NIH/3T3 and U-87 MG cells, and increased caspase-3 activity… detected that EMR exposure increased DNA damage, which was significantly restrained in the presence of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, an antioxidant). Moreover, EMR exposure increased the levels of p53 protein and p53 target gene expression, promoted cytochrome c release from mitochondrion, and increased caspase-3 activity. These events were inhibited by pretreatment with NAC, pifithrin-α (a p53 inhibitor) and caspase inhibitor. Collectively, our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that 1800MHz EMR induces apoptosis-related events such as ROS burst and more oxidative DNA damage, which in turn promote p53-dependent caspase-3 activation through release of cytochrome c from mitochondrion. These findings thus provide new insights into physiological mechanisms underlying microwave-induced cell apoptosis.”

Gursatej Gandhi, Gurpreet Kaur & Uzma Nisar (2015) A cross-sectional case control study on genetic damage in individuals residing in the vicinity of a mobile phone base station, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 34:4, 344-354, DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2014.933349. (Source)

• “Genetic damage parameters of DNA migration length, damage frequency (DF) and damage index were significantly (p = 0.000) elevated in the sample group compared to respective values in healthy controls. The female residents (n = 25) of the sample group had significantly (p = 0.004) elevated DF than the male residents (n = 38). The linear regression analysis further revealed daily mobile phone usage, location of residence and power density as significant predictors of genetic damage. The genetic damage evident in the participants of this study needs to be addressed against future disease-risk, which in addition to neurodegenerative disorders, may lead to cancer.”

Lai H, Singh NP (1996) Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology; 69(4):513-21. (Source)

• “Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in individual brain cells were measured … An increase in both types of DNA strand breaks was observed after exposure to either the pulsed or continuous-wave radiation…We speculate that these effects could result from a direct effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic energy on DNA molecules and/or impairment of DNA-damage repair mechanisms in brain cells. Our data further support the results of earlier in vitro and in vivo studies showing effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA.”

A.V. Ivanov, E.K. Ivanova, K.P. Tamarov, B.L. Oksengendler (2016) On a Possible Mechanism of the Effect of Microwave Radiation on Biological Macromolecules, Molecular Biophysics; 61(2), 255–258. (Source)

• “A model that describes the dissociation of a hydrogen bond in water clusters when irradiated by an electromagnetic field in the microwave range is proposed. The model is also applicable for the case of the rupture of the covalent bond of the water molecule in a cluster. If the energy absorption occurs at the interface of water and polymer clusters (e.g., DNA and chitosan), degradation of the polymer chain is possible.”

Martin Blank & Reba Goodman (2011) DNA is a fractal antenna in electromagnetic fields, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 87:4, 409-415, DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.538130. (Source)

• “The wide frequency range of interaction with EMF is the functional characteristic of a fractal antenna, and DNA appears to possess the two structural characteristics of fractal antennas, electronic conduction and self-symmetry. These properties contribute to greater reactivity of DNA with EMF in the environment, and the DNA damage could account for increases in cancer epidemiology, as well as variations in the rate of chemical evolution in early geologic history.”

Blank, Martin et al. (2009) Electromagnetic fields stress living cells, Pathophysiology, 16,71 – 78. (Source)

• “Electromagnetic fields (EMF), in both ELF (extremely low frequency) and radio frequency (RF) ranges, activate the cellular stress response, a protective mechanism that induces the expression of stress response genes, e.g., HSP70, and increased levels of stress proteins, e.g., hsp70. The 20 different stress protein families are evolutionarily conserved and act as ‘chaperones’ in the cell when they ‘help’ repair and refold damaged proteins and transport them across cell membranes. Induction of the stress response involves activation of DNA, and despite the large difference in energy between ELF and RF, the same cellular pathways respond in both frequency ranges. Specific DNA sequences on the promoter of the HSP70 stress gene are responsive to EMF, and studies with model biochemical systems suggest that EMF could interact directly with electrons in DNA. While low energy EMF interacts with DNA to induce the stress response, increasing EMF energy in the RF range can lead to breaks in DNA strands. It is clear that in order to protect living cells, EMF safety limits must be changed from the current thermal standard, based on energy, to one based on biological responses that occur long before the threshold for thermal changes.”

L. Falcioni, L. Bua, E. Tibaldi, M. Lauriola, L. De Angelis, F. Gnudi, D. Mandrioli, M. Manservigi, F. Manservisi, I. Manzoli, I. Menghetti, R. Montella, S. Panzacchi, D. Sgargi, V. Strollo, A. Vornoli, F. Belpoggi (2018) Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to mobile phone radiofrequency field representative of a 1.8 GHz GSM base station environmental emission, Environmental Research; 165, 496-503. ISSN 0013-9351. (Source)

• “The RI findings on far field exposure to RFR are consistent with and reinforce the results of the NTP study on near field exposure, as both reported an increase in the incidence of tumors of the brain and heart in RFR-exposed Sprague-Dawley rats. These tumors are of the same histotype of those observed in some epidemiological studies on cell phone users. These experimental studies provide sufficient evidence to call for the re-evaluation of IARC conclusions regarding the carcinogenic potential of RFR in humans.”

Peng Wang, Chongxian Hou, Yanwen Li, Dong Zhou (2018) Wireless Phone Use and Risk of Adult Glioma: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis, World Neurosurgery, 115, e629-e636. ISSN 1878-8750. (Source)

• “A significant association with risk of glioma was found in long-term users (≥10 years) with odds ratio of 1.33 (95% CI, 1.05–1.67).”
• “Long-term use of wireless phones could increase risk of adult glioma.”

Carlberg, M., & Hardell, L. (2017). Evaluation of Mobile Phone and Cordless Phone Use and Glioma Risk Using the Bradford Hill Viewpoints from 1965 on Association or Causation. BioMed Research International, 2017, 9218486. (Source)

• “Results. Strength: meta-analysis of case-control studies gave odds ratio (OR) = 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.31–2.76 with highest cumulative exposure. Consistency: the risk increased with latency, meta-analysis gave in the 10+ years’ latency group OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.20–2.19. Specificity: increased risk for glioma was in the temporal lobe. Using meningioma cases as comparison group still increased the risk. Temporality: highest risk was in the 20+ years’ latency group, OR = 2.01, 95% CI =1.41–2.88, for wireless phones. Biological gradient: cumulative use of wireless phones increased the risk. Plausibility: animal studies showed an increased incidence of glioma and malignant schwannoma in rats exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation. There is increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from RF radiation. Coherence: there is a change in the natural history of glioma and increasing incidence. Experiment: antioxidants reduced ROS production from RF radiation. Analogy: there is an increased risk in subjects exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Conclusion. RF radiation should be regarded as a human carcinogen causing glioma.”

Lennart Hardell, Michael Carlberg (2015) Mobile phone and cordless phone use and the risk for glioma – Analysis of pooled case-control studies in Sweden, 1997–2003 and 2007–2009, Pathophysiology, 22(1), 1-13. ISSN 0928-4680. (Source)

• “Mobile phone use increased the risk of glioma, OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1–1.6 overall, increasing to OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.7–5.2 in the >25 year latency group. Use of cordless phones increased the risk to OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.7, with highest risk in the >15–20 years latency group yielding OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1–2.5. The OR increased statistically significant both per 100 h of cumulative use, and per year of latency for mobile and cordless phone use. Highest ORs overall were found for ipsilateral mobile or cordless phone use, OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.4–2.2 and OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.3–2.1, respectively. The highest risk was found for glioma in the temporal lobe. First use of mobile or cordless phone before the age of 20 gave higher OR for glioma than in later age groups.”

Yoon, S., Choi, J. W., Lee, E., An, H., Choi, H. D., & Kim, N. (2015). Mobile phone use and risk of glioma: a case-control study in Korea for 2002-2007. Environmental Health and Toxicology, 30, e2015015. doi:10.5620/eht.e2015015. (Source)

• “…we found a non-significant increase in risk among ipsilateral users. These findings suggest further evaluation for glioma risk among long-term mobile phone users.”

Gherardini, L., Ciuti, G., Tognarelli, S., & Cinti, C. (2014). Searching for the perfect wave: the effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15(4), 5366-87. doi:10.3390/ijms15045366. (Source)

• “The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at the WHO evaluated the carcinogenic risk for humans from prolonged exposure to RF, naming the risk as “possible” (2B) [90,91]. However, recent evidence of long-term exposure studies on tumors might suggest endorsing a stricter set of criteria to raise the risk up to group 1 according to the IARC classification.”

Moon, I. S., Kim, B. G., Kim, J., Lee, J. D., & Lee, W. S. (2013). Association between vestibular schwannomas and mobile phone use. Tumour Biology : The journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine, 35(1), 581-7. (Source)

• “We found that tumors may coincide with the more frequently used ear of mobile phones and tumor volume that showed strong correlation with amount of mobile phone use, thus there is a possibility that mobile phone use may affect tumor growth.”

Devra Lee Davis, Santosh Kesari, Colin L. Soskolne, Anthony B. Miller, Yael Stein (2013) Swedish review strengthens grounds for concluding that radiation from cellular and cordless phones is a probable human carcinogen. Pathophysiology. 20(2): 123–129. doi: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.03.001. (Full Text), (Source)

• “In 2011, the World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) advised that electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone and other wireless devices constitutes a “possible human carcinogen,” 2B. Recent analyses not considered in the IARC review that take into account these methodological shortcomings from a number of authors find that brain tumor risk is significantly elevated for those who have used mobile phones for at least a decade. Studies carried out in Sweden indicate that those who begin using either cordless or mobile phones regularly before age 20 have greater than a fourfold increased risk of ipsilateral glioma.”
• “No other environmental carcinogen has produced evidence of an increased risk in just one decade. Empirical data have shown a difference in the dielectric properties of tissues as a function of age, mostly due to the higher water content in children’s tissues. High resolution computerized models based on human imaging data suggest that children are indeed more susceptible to the effects of EMF exposure at microwave frequencies.”

Gittleman, H. R., Ostrom, Q. T., Rouse, C. D., Dowling, J. A., de Blank, P. M., Kruchko, C. A., Elder, J. B., Rosenfeld, S. S., Selman, W. R., Sloan, A. E., … Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S. (2014). Trends in central nervous system tumor incidence relative to other common cancers in adults, adolescents, and children in the United States, 2000 to 2010. Cancer, 121(1), 102-12. (Source)

• “In adolescents, there were significant increases in malignant CNST (2000-2008: APC, 1.0) and nonmalignant CNST (2004-2010: APC, 3.9). In children, there were significant increases in acute lymphocytic leukemia (2000-2010: APC, 1.0), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (2000-2010: APC, 0.6), and malignant CNST (2000-2010: APC, 0.6).”

Lennart Hardell, Michael Carlberg, Kjell Hansson Mild (2013) Use of mobile phones and cordless phones is associated with increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma, Pathophysiology, 20(2), 85-110. (Source)

• “Results for cordless phones are lacking in Interphone. The meta-analysis gave for glioma in the most exposed part of the brain, the temporal lobe, odds ratio (OR) = 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04–2.81 in the ≥10 years (>10 years in the Hardell group) latency group. Ipsilateral mobile phone use ≥1640 h in total gave OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.56–3.37. The results for meningioma were OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.31–4.98 and OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 0.81–2.23, respectively. Regarding acoustic neuroma ipsilateral mobile phone use in the latency group ≥10 years gave OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 0.73–4.45. For ipsilateral cumulative use ≥1640 h OR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.50–4.40 was obtained.”
• “There is a consistent pattern of increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma associated with use of wireless phones. The current safety limits and reference levels are not adequate to protect public health and new public health standards and limits are needed.”

Söderqvist, F., Carlberg, M., Hansson Mild, K., & Hardell, L. (2011). Childhood brain tumour risk and its association with wireless phones: a commentary. Environmental Health : A Global Access Science Source, 10, 106. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-10-106. (Source)

• “We consider that the data contain several indications of increased risk, despite low exposure, short latency period, and limitations in the study design, analyses and interpretation. The information certainly cannot be used as reassuring evidence against an association…”

Sato Y, Akiba S, Kubo O, Yamaguchi N (2011) A case-case study of mobile phone use and acoustic neuroma risk in Japan. Bioelectromagnetics; 32(2):85-93. (Source)

• “A significantly increased risk was identified for mobile phone use for > 20 min/day on average, with risk ratios of 2.74 at 1 year before diagnosis, and 3.08 at 5 years before diagnosis.”

Hardell, L., Carlberg, M., Söderqvist, F., Mild, K. H., & Morgan, L. L. (2007). Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumours: increased risk associated with use for > or =10 years. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 64(9), 626-32. (Source)

• Results: “All gave increased odd ratios (OR), especially for ipsilateral exposure. In a meta‐analysis, ipsilateral cell phone use for acoustic neuroma was OR = 2.4 (95% CI 1.1 to 5.3) and OR = 2.0, (1.2 to 3.4) for glioma using a tumour latency period of > 10 years.”
• Conclusion: “Results from present studies on use of mobile phones for > 10 years give a consistent pattern of increased risk for acoustic neuroma and glioma. The risk is highest for ipsilateral exposure

Repacholi, M. H., Lerchl, A. , Röösli, M. , Sienkiewicz, Z. , Auvinen, A. , Breckenkamp, J. , d’Inzeo, G. , Elliott, P. , Frei, P. , Heinrich, S. , Lagroye, I. , Lahkola, A. , McCormick, D. L., Thomas, S. and Vecchia, P. (2012), Systematic review of wireless phone use and brain cancer and other head tumors. Bioelectromagnetics, 33: 187-206. doi:10.1002/bem.20716.

• “There are insufficient data to make any determinations about longer-term use (≥ 10 years).”

Adem Kocaman, Gamze Altun, Arife Ahsen Kaplan, Ömür Gülsüm Deniz, Kıymet Kübra Yurt, Süleyman Kaplan (2018) Genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields, Environmental Research; 163(1), 71-79. ISSN 0013-9351. (Source)

• “The inconsistent results between similar studies and the same research groups have made it very difficult to make any comprehensive interpretation. However, evaluation of current studies suggests that EMF may represent a serious source of concern and may be hazardous to living organisms.”

Mokarram, P., Sheikhi, M., Mortazavi, S., Saeb, S., & Shokrpour, N. (2017). Effect of Exposure to 900 MHz GSM Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Radiation on Estrogen Receptor Methylation Status in Colon Cells of Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering, 7(1), 79-86. (Source)

• “DNA methylation changes suggest an epigenetic role in the cellular response to RF radiation. However, more investigations should be conducted to clarify the epigenetic side effects of RF radiation as an influential risk factor for cancer and claim that RF radiation might be considered as dangrous as ionizing agent in the case of epigenetic alterations.”

Alexander Lerchl, Melanie Klose, Karen Grote, Adalbert F. X. Wilhelm, Oliver Spathmann, Thomas Fiedler, Joachim Streckert, Volkert Hansen, Markus Clemens (2015) Tumor promotion by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields below exposure limits for humans. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2015 Apr 17; 459(4): 585–590. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.151. (Source)

• “Previously published results from a pilot study with carcinogen-treated mice, however, suggested tumor-promoting effects of RF-EMF (Tillmann et al., 2010). We have performed a replication study using higher numbers of animals per group and including two additional exposure levels (0 (sham), 0.04, 0.4 and 2 W/kg SAR). We could confirm and extend the originally reported findings. Numbers of tumors of the lungs and livers in exposed animals were significantly higher than in sham-exposed controls. In addition, lymphomas were also found to be significantly elevated by exposure. A clear dose-response effect is absent. We hypothesize that these tumor-promoting effects may be caused by metabolic changes due to exposure. Since many of the tumor-promoting effects in our study were seen at low to moderate exposure levels (0.04 and 0.4 W/kg SAR), thus well below exposure limits for the users of mobile phones, further studies are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Our findings may help to understand the repeatedly reported increased incidences of brain tumors in heavy users of mobile phones.”

Thomas Tillmann, Heinrich Ernst, Joachim Streckert, Yi Zhou, Felicitas Taugner, Volkert Hansen & Clemens Dasenbrock (2010) Indication of cocarcinogenic potential of chronic UMTS-modulated radiofrequency exposure in an ethylnitrosourea mouse model, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 86:7, 529-541, DOI: 10.3109/09553001003734501. (Source)

• “This pilot study indicates a cocarcinogenic effect of lifelong UMTS exposure…”

Bonakdar, M., Graybill, P. M., & Davalos, R. V. (2017). A microfluidic model of the blood-brain barrier to study permeabilization by pulsed electric fields. RSC Advances, 7(68), 42811-42818. (Source)

• “We developed a microfluidic platform for real-time measurement of BBB permeability pre- and post-treatment with pulsed electric fields. Permeability is measured optically by the diffusion of fluorescent tracers across a monolayer of human cerebral microcapillary endothelial cells (hCMECs) cultured on a permeable membrane. We found that this device is able to capture real-time permeability of hCMEC monolayers for both reversible and irreversible electroporation pulsing regimes. Furthermore, preliminary testing of deep brain stimulation pulsing regimes reveals possible impacts on BBB integrity. This device will enable future studies of pulsed electric field regimes for improved understanding of BBB permeabilization.”

Bahriye Sirav & Nesrin Seyhan (2011) Effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure on blood-brain barrier permeability in male and female rats, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 30:4, 253-260, DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.600167. (Source)

• “In female rats, no albumin extravasation was found in in the brain after RFR exposure. A significant increase in albumin was found in the brains of the RF-exposed male rats when compared to sham-exposed male brains. These results suggest that exposure to 0.9 and 1.8 GHz CW RFR at levels below the international limits can affect the vascular permeability in the brain of male rats. The possible risk of RFR exposure in humans is a major concern for the society.”

Jacob L. Eberhardt, Bertil R. R. Persson, Arne E. Brun, Leif G. Salford & Lars O. G. Malmgren (2008) Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Nerve Cell Damage in Rat Brain 14 and 28 Days After Exposure to Microwaves from GSM Mobile Phones, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 27:3, 215-229, DOI: 10.1080/15368370802344037. (Source)

• “We investigated the effects of global system for mobile communication (GSM) microwave exposure on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and signs of neuronal damage in rats using a real GSM programmable mobile phone in the 900 MHz band. Ninety-six non-anaesthetized rats were either exposed to microwaves or sham exposed in TEM-cells for 2 h at specific absorption rates of average whole-body Specific Absorption Rates (SAR) of 0.12, 1.2, 12, or 120 mW/kg. The rats were sacrificed after a recovery time of either 14 or 28 d, following exposure and the extravazation of albumin, its uptake into neurons, and occurrence of damaged neurons was assessed. Albumin extravazation and also its uptake into neurons was seen to be enhanced after 14 d (Kruskal Wallis test: p = 0.02 and 0.002, respectively), but not after a 28 d recovery period. The occurrence of dark neurons in the rat brains, on the other hand, was enhanced later, after 28 d (p = 0.02). Furthermore, in the 28-d brain samples, neuronal albumin uptake was significantly correlated to occurrence of damaged neurons (Spearman r = 0.41; p &lt 0.01).”

Salford, L. G., Brun, A. E., Eberhardt, J. L., Malmgren, L., & Persson, B. R. (2003). Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(7), 881-3; discussion A408. (Source)

• We have previously shown that weak pulsed microwaves give rise to a significant leakage of albumin through the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we investigated whether a pathologic leakage across the blood-brain barrier might be combined with damage to the neurons. Three groups each of eight rats were exposed for 2 hr to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile phone electromagnetic fields of different strengths. We found highly significant (p &lt 0.002) evidence for neuronal damage in the cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia in the brains of exposed rats.”
• “We present here for the first-time evidence for neuronal damage caused by nonthermal microwave exposure. The cortex as well as the hippocampus and the basal ganglia in the brains of exposed rats contained damaged neurons. We realize that our study comprises few animals, but the combined results are highly significant and exhibit a clear dose–response relation.”
• “The intense use of mobile phones by youngsters is a serious consideration. A neuronal damage of the kind described here may not have immediately demonstrable consequences, even if repeated. In the long run, however, it may result in reduced brain reserve capacity that might be unveiled by other later neuronal disease or even the wear and tear of aging. We cannot exclude that after some decades of (often) daily use, a whole generation of users may suffer negative effects, perhaps as early as in middle age.”

A. Schirmacher, S. Winters, S. Fischer, J. Goeke, H. J. Galla, U. Kullnick, E. B. Ringelstein, F. Stögbauer (2000) Electromagnetic fields (1.8 GHz) increase the permeability to sucrose of the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Bioelectromagnetics. 21(5): 338–345. (Source)

• “Samples were exposed to EMF conforming to the GSM1800-standard used in mobile telephones (1.8 GHz). The permeability of the samples was monitored over four days and compared with results of samples that were cultured identically but not exposed to EMF. Exposure to EMF increased permeability for (14)C-sucrose significantly compared to unexposed samples.”

Cabezas, R., Avila, M., Gonzalez, J., El-Bachá, R. S., Báez, E., García-Segura, L. M., Jurado Coronel, J. C., Capani, F., Cardona-Gomez, G. P., … Barreto, G. E. (2014). Astrocytic modulation of blood brain barrier: perspectives on Parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 8, 211. (Source)

• “Astrocytes are essential for the formation and maintenance of the BBB by providing secreted factors that lead to the adequate association between the cells of the BBB and the formation of strong tight junctions.”
• “Under neurological disorders, such as chronic cerebral ischemia, brain trauma, Epilepsy, Alzheimer and Parkinson’s Diseases, a disruption of the BBB takes place, involving a lost in the permeability of the barrier and phenotypical changes in both the ECs and astrocytes.”

Dariusz Leszczynski, Sakari Joenvärä, Jukka Reivinen, Reetta Kuokka (2002) Non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endothelial cells: molecular mechanism for cancer- and blood-brain barrier-related effects. Differentiation; 70(2-3): 120–129. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.2002.700207.x. (Source)

• “Results obtained demonstrate that 1-hour non-thermal exposure of EA.hy926 cells changes the phosphorylation status of numerous, yet largely unidentified, proteins. One of the affected proteins was identified as heat shock protein-27 (hsp27).”
• “Changes in the overall pattern of protein phosphorylation suggest that mobile phone radiation activates a variety of cellular signal transduction pathways, among them the hsp27/p38MAPK stress response pathway. Based on the known functions of hsp27, we put forward the hypothesis that mobile phone radiation-induced activation of hsp27 may (i) facilitate the development of brain cancer by inhibiting the cytochrome c/caspase-3 apoptotic pathway and (ii) cause an increase in blood-brain barrier permeability through stabilization of endothelial cell stress fibers. We postulate that these events, when occurring repeatedly over a long period of time, might become a health hazard because of the possible accumulation of brain tissue damage. Furthermore, our hypothesis suggests that other brain damaging factors may co-participate in mobile phone radiation-induced effects.”

Söderqvist, F., Carlberg, M., & Hardell, L. (2009). Mobile and cordless telephones, serum transthyretin and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: a cross-sectional study. Environmental Health : A Global Access Science Source, 8, 19. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-8-19. (Source)

• “In this cross-sectional study we tested whether long-term and/or short-term use of wireless telephones was associated with changes in the serum transthyretin level, indicating altered transthyretin concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid, possibly reflecting an effect of radiation.”
• “We previously reported on a possible association between serum concentrations of the calcium-binding protein S100B and self-reported use of wireless telephones among healthy Swedish adults [4]. Mainly synthesized by the end-feet of astrocytes, S100B has been described as a suitable marker of integrity of the BBB [5-8]. In the present paper, using the same data, we report the results of analysis of serum levels of transthyretin (TTR), a key CSF protein. TTR could potentially serve as marker of BCSFB dysfunction. TTR, also known as prealbumin, is a plasma and CSF carrier of thyroxin and retinol and is also described as sequestering amyloid beta peptide in the brain [9]. Its major sites of synthesis are the liver, the choroid plexus (CP) and the retinal pigment epithelium. TTR is used in clinical practice as a marker in several conditions, such as predicting outcome for critically ill patients [10], in Alzheimer’s disease [11,12], amyloidosis [13], inflammation and malnutrition [14].”
• “In this hypothesis-generating descriptive study time since first use of mobile telephones and DECT combined was significantly associated with higher TTR levels regardless of how much each telephone type had been used. Regarding short-term use, significantly higher TTR concentrations were seen in women the sooner blood was withdrawn after the most recent telephone call on that day.”

Shahbazi-Gahrouei, D., Hashemi-Beni, B., & Ahmadi, Z. (2016). Effects of RF-EMF Exposure from GSM Mobile Phones on Proliferation Rate of Human Adipose-derived Stem Cells: An In-vitro Study. Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering, 6(4), 243-252. (Source)

• “The results show that 900 MHz RF signal radiation from antenna can reduce cell viability and proliferation rates of human ADSCs (adipose derived stem cells) regarding the duration of exposure.”

G Akoev, I & S Pashovkina, M & Dolgacheva, Lyudmila & Semenova, Tatiana & Kalmykov, Vyacheslav. (2002). Enzymatic activity of some tissues and blood serum from animals and humans exposed to microwaves and hypothesis on the possible role of free radical processes in the nonlinear effects and modification of emotional behavior of animals. Radiation Biology and Radioecology; 42. 322-30. (Source)

• “Series of nonlinear phenomenons, inexplicable from positions of the energy approaches are revealed, The working hypothesis explaining opportunity of high performance of weak and super-weak microwaves and other revealed phenomena by resonance interaction of such electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation with paramagnetic molecules of biological tissues was proposed. This resonance interaction activate free radicals and initiate auto-supporting and auto-intensifying of chain chemical reactions.”

Bormusov, E., P Andley, U., Sharon, N., Schächter, L., Lahav, A., & Dovrat, A. (2008). Non-thermal electromagnetic radiation damage to lens epithelium. The Open Ophthalmology Journal, 2, 102-6. (Source)

• “Exposure to 1.1 GHz, 2.22 mW microwaves caused a reversible decrease in lens optical quality accompanied by irreversible morphological and biochemical damage to the lens epithelial cell layer. The effect of the electromagnetic radiation on the lens epithelium was remarkably different from those of conductive heat. The results of this investigation showed that electromagnetic fields from microwave radiation have a negative impact on the eye lens. The lens damage by electromagnetic fields was distinctly different from that caused by conductive heat.”

Dovrat, A & Berenson, R & Bormusov, E & Lahav, A & Lustman, T & Sharon, N & Schächter, L. (2005). Localized effects of microwave radiation on the intact eye lens in culture conditions. Bioelectromagnetics, 26. (Source)

• “A novel experimental system was used to investigate the localized effects of microwave radiation on bovine eye lenses in culture for over 2 weeks. Using this setup, we found clear evidence that this radiation has a significant impact on the eye lens. At the macroscopic level, it is demonstrated that exposure to a few mW at 1 GHz for over 36 h affects the optical function of the lens. Most importantly, self-recovery occurs if the exposure is interrupted. At the microscopic level, close examination of the lens indicates that the interaction mechanism is completely different from the mechanism-causing cataract via temperature increase. Contrary to the latter’s effect, that is particularly pronounced in the vicinity of the sutures and it is assumed to be a result of local friction between the edges of the fibers consisting the lens. Even if macroscopically the lens has recovered from the irradiation, microscopically the indicators of radiation impact remain.”

Bayat, M., Hemati, S., Soleimani-Estyar, R., & Shahin-Jafari, A. (2016). Effect of long-term exposure of mice to 900 MHz GSM radiation on experimental cutaneous candidiasis. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 24(4), 907-914. (Source)

• “Survival analysis of live candida challenged mice showed the radiation exposed group is prone to death induced by systemic infection and candida enumeration from the kidney homogenates showed radiation exposed animals have had significantly higher yeast load in the tissue. In collection, long-term 900 MHz radiation exposure of mice led to longevity of skin wounds and susceptibility of the animals to systemic challenge and higher incidences of microorganisms in internal tissues.”

Leopold J. Anghileri, Emilio Mayayo & José L. Domingo (2006) Iron-Radiofrequency Synergism in Lymphomagenesis, Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 28:1, 175-183, DOI: 10.1080/08923970600626213. (Source)

• “The current results (mortality, clinical and histopathological examinations) demonstrated a synergism between radiofrequency and ferric gluconate, and the increased risk of radiofrequency exposure when it is simultaneous to parenteral iron administration.”

Dominique Belpomme, Lennart Hardell, Igor Belyaev, Ernesto Burgio, David O. Carpenter (2018) Thermal and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective. Environ Pollution; 242(Pt A): 643–658. (Source)

• “There is strong evidence that excessive exposure to mobile phone-frequencies over long periods of time increases the risk of brain cancer both in humans and animals. The mechanism(s) responsible include induction of reactive oxygen species, gene expression alteration and DNA damage through both epigenetic and genetic processes. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate adverse effects on male and female reproduction, almost certainly due to generation of reactive oxygen species. There is increasing evidence the exposures can result in neurobehavioral decrements and that some individuals develop a syndrome of “electro-hypersensitivity” or “microwave illness”, which is one of several syndromes commonly categorized as “idiopathic environmental intolerance”. While the symptoms are non-specific, new biochemical indicators and imaging techniques allow diagnosis that excludes the symptoms as being only psychosomatic. Unfortunately standards set by most national and international bodies are not protective of human health. This is a particular concern in children, given the rapid expansion of use of wireless technologies, the greater susceptibility of the developing nervous system, the hyperconductivity of their brain tissue, the greater penetration of radiofrequency radiation relative to head size and their potential for a longer lifetime exposure.”

Hiie Hinrikus, Jaanus Lass, Denis Karai, Kristjan Pilt & Maie Bachmann (2015) Microwave effect on diffusion: a possible mechanism for non-thermal effect, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 34:4, 327-333, DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2014.921195. (Source)

• “Our experimental data demonstrated that microwave exposure makes faster the process of diffusion in water. The time required for reduction of initial resistance of the solution by 10% was 1.7 times shorter with microwave. This result is consistent with the proposed mechanism of low-level microwave effect: microwave radiation, rotating dipolar water molecules, causes high-frequency alterations of hydrogen bonds between water molecules, thereby affects its viscosity and makes faster diffusion.”

Martin L. Pall (2018) Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health. Environmental Research; 164: 405–416. Published online 2018 Mar 21. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.035. (Source)

• “Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with each such effect being documented in from 10 to 16 reviews. Therefore, each of these seven EMF effects are established effects of Wi-Fi and of other microwave frequency EMFs.”

Carpenter, D. (2013). Human disease resulting from exposure to electromagnetic fields. Reviews on Environmental Health, 28(4), pp. 159-172. doi:10.1515/reveh-2013-0016. (Source)

• “This review summarizes the evidence stating that excessive exposure to magnetic fields from power lines and other sources of electric current increases the risk of development of some cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, and that excessive exposure to RF radiation increases risk of cancer, male infertility, and neurobehavioral abnormalities.”